spdep

Overview

About

Maintained by Roger BivandFirst published 2002-03-20189 releasesCRAN page ↗GitHub ↗

A collection of functions to create spatial weights matrix objects from polygon 'contiguities', from point patterns by distance and tessellations, for summarizing these objects, and for permitting their use in spatial data analysis, including regional aggregation by minimum spanning tree; a collection of tests for spatial 'autocorrelation', including global 'Morans I' and 'Gearys C' proposed by 'Cliff' and 'Ord' (1973, ISBN: 0850860369) and (1981, ISBN: 0850860814), 'Hubert/Mantel' general cross product statistic, Empirical Bayes estimates and 'Assunção/Reis' (1999) doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-0258(19990830)18:16%3C2147::AID-SIM179%3E3.0.CO;2-I Index, 'Getis/Ord' G ('Getis' and 'Ord' 1992) doi:10.1111/j.1538-4632.1992.tb00261.x and multicoloured join count statistics, 'APLE' ('Li et al.' ) doi:10.1111/j.1538-4632.2007.00708.x, local 'Moran's I', 'Gearys C' ('Anselin' 1995) doi:10.1111/j.1538-4632.1995.tb00338.x and 'Getis/Ord' G ('Ord' and 'Getis' 1995) doi:10.1111/j.1538-4632.1995.tb00912.x, 'saddlepoint' approximations ('Tiefelsdorf' 2002) doi:10.1111/j.1538-4632.2002.tb01084.x and exact tests for global and local 'Moran's I' ('Bivand et al.' 2009) doi:10.1016/j.csda.2008.07.021 and 'LOSH' local indicators of spatial heteroscedasticity ('Ord' and 'Getis') doi:10.1007/s00168-011-0492-y. The implementation of most of these measures is described in 'Bivand' and 'Wong' (2018) doi:10.1007/s11749-018-0599-x, with further extensions in 'Bivand' (2022) doi:10.1111/gean.12319. 'Lagrange' multiplier tests for spatial dependence in linear models are provided ('Anselin et al'. 1996) doi:10.1016/0166-0462(95)02111-6, as are 'Rao' score tests for hypothesised spatial 'Durbin' models based on linear models ('Koley' and 'Bera' 2023) doi:10.1080/17421772.2023.2256810. Additions in 2024 include Local Indicators for Categorical Data based on 'Carrer et al.' (2021) doi:10.1016/j.jas.2020.105306 and 'Bivand et al.' (2017) doi:10.1016/j.spasta.2017.03.003; also Weighted Multivariate Spatial Autocorrelation Measures ('Bavaud' 2024) doi:10.1111/gean.12390. doi:10.1080/17421772.2023.2256810. A local indicators for categorical data (LICD) implementation based on 'Carrer et al.' (2021) doi:10.1016/j.jas.2020.105306 and 'Bivand et al.' (2017) doi:10.1016/j.spasta.2017.03.003 was added in 1.3-7. Multivariate 'spatialdelta' ('Bavaud' 2024) doi:10.1111/gean.12390 was added in 1.3-13 ('Bivand' 2025 doi:10.26034/la.cdclsl.2025.8343). From 'spdep' and 'spatialreg' versions >= 1.2-1, the model fitting functions previously present in this package are defunct in 'spdep' and may be found in 'spatialreg'.

Install

R (CRAN)pak (dev)Ubuntu (r2u)Fedora (COPR)openSUSE (OBS)

install.packages("spdep", repos = "https://cloud.r-project.org/")

Installs the current CRAN release. Prebuilt binaries on Windows and macOS.

if (!requireNamespace("pak", quietly = TRUE))
  install.packages("pak", repos = "https://cloud.r-project.org/")
pak::pak("r-spatial/spdep")

Development version from r-spatial/spdep. Installs pak first if it is not already available.

Release

# enable cranapt (r2u) if it is not already set up, then install
grep -rqs r2u.stat.illinois.edu /etc/apt/sources.list /etc/apt/sources.list.d/ \
  || curl -fsSL https://raw.githubusercontent.com/eddelbuettel/r2u/master/inst/scripts/add_cranapt_noble.sh | sudo bash
sudo apt install -y r-cran-spdep

Fast Ubuntu binaries via r2u (no compilation). The cranapt setup runs once and is skipped when it is already enabled.

bspm (used by r2u) also needs make: sudo apt install make

# enable the iucar/cran COPR if it is not already present, then install
ls /etc/yum.repos.d/*iucar*cran*.repo >/dev/null 2>&1 \
  || sudo dnf copr enable -y iucar/cran
sudo dnf install -y R-CRAN-spdep

RPMs from the iucar/cran COPR, rebuilt from CRAN.

For install.packages() integration in R, also: sudo dnf install R-CoprManager

# add the autoCRAN OBS repo (Tumbleweed) if it is missing, then install
zypper -q lr | grep -qi autoCRAN \
  || sudo zypper addrepo https://download.opensuse.org/repositories/devel:/languages:/R:/autoCRAN/openSUSE_Tumbleweed/devel:languages:R:autoCRAN.repo
sudo zypper install -y R-spdep

RPMs auto-built from CRAN on openSUSE OBS (Tumbleweed).

Health

CRAN checks

13OK

Slowest check: 8.6 min · r-oldrel-macos-x86_64

Code health

Yes

Tests · ratio 0.00

32.2%

Coverage · measured lines

100%

Documentation · exports

13

Dependencies · direct

Check history

OK2026-06-09
13 OK · 0 NOTE · 0 WARNING · 0 ERROR · 0 FAILURE
ERROR2026-06-07
12 OK · 0 NOTE · 0 WARNING · 1 ERROR · 0 FAILURE
OK2026-05-05
13 OK · 0 NOTE · 0 WARNING · 0 ERROR · 0 FAILURE
ERROR2026-05-04
12 OK · 0 NOTE · 0 WARNING · 1 ERROR · 0 FAILURE
OK2026-05-03
13 OK · 0 NOTE · 0 WARNING · 0 ERROR · 0 FAILURE

Show 7 earlier snapshots

ERROR2026-04-30
12 OK · 0 NOTE · 0 WARNING · 1 ERROR · 0 FAILURE
OK2026-04-25
12 OK · 0 NOTE · 0 WARNING · 0 ERROR · 0 FAILURE
NOTE2026-04-20
11 OK · 3 NOTE · 0 WARNING · 0 ERROR · 0 FAILURE
ERROR2026-04-18
10 OK · 3 NOTE · 0 WARNING · 1 ERROR · 0 FAILURE
NOTE2026-04-14
11 OK · 3 NOTE · 0 WARNING · 0 ERROR · 0 FAILURE
ERROR2026-04-13
10 OK · 3 NOTE · 0 WARNING · 1 ERROR · 0 FAILURE
NOTE2026-03-10
11 OK · 3 NOTE · 0 WARNING · 0 ERROR · 0 FAILURE

Documentation

READMENoVignettesYes · dynamicpkgdown siteNoNEWSYes · 100% structuredCode of conductNoContributing guideNo

Examples that run: 96%
Documented parameters: 97%
Return-value docs: 96%
References docs: 58%

Downloads

675.8K

CRAN downloads in the past year

Rank #421 · ~1.9K/day · ~56.3K/mo

Releases R versions

Daily download trend is not available in this view yet.

66.2K30 days

214.2K90 days

675.8K1 year

Compare downloads with other packages →

Also on3.4K r2u87 autocran29.7K conda_forge251 bioconda111 c2d4u

Repository

GitHub ↗ r-spatial/spdep

148Stars

27Forks

4Open issues

0Open PRs

0Releases

789Commits

11Contributors

spatial-dependencespatial-weightsspatial-autocorrelation

789 commits · Last activity 2026-05-20 · 0% stars, 30d

Stars over time

2025-07-15 · 1342026-07-07 · 148

Repository practices

Upstream repositoryBeta

1 development-tooling and community-health practice detected across 1 family in the upstream repository

Checks run against github.com/r-spatial/spdep on 2026-07-19.

Continuous integration (1)

GitHub Actions

How this is detected·Detection ruleset v1 (2026-07-18)

Dependencies

Declared dependencies

24 external dependencies (excludes base and recommended)

Depends (4)

R >= 3.3.0methodsspData sf

Imports (10)

statsdeldirbootgraphicsutilsgrDevicesunits s2 e1071 sp

LinkingTo (0)

none

Suggests (21)

spatialregMatrixparalleldbscan RColorBrewerlatticextableforeignigraph RSpectra knitr classInt tmap spam ggplot2 rmarkdown tinytest rgeoda mipfp Guerry codingMatrices

Enhances (0)

none

Dependency license breakdown →

Reverse dependencies

145direct

27indirect

and 97 more packages.

Code & Tests

Code Composition

R 10,924 (49%)Rd 7,401 (33%)Vignettes 2,517 (11%)C 1,203 (5%)Other 322 (1%)

Code characteristics

Object systems

S369

Cyclomatic complexity: 4.0 median / 82 max
Test cases: 101 / 0.00 per code line

Test coverage

Line coverage

32%

Expression

31.0%

Tests / Examples

32.2% / 72% ex

Functions

304 181 exported

Complexity

8.8 avg / 82 max

Call network

304 nodes / 557 edges

Call graph

Open call graph →

Loading call graph…

Lowest coverage

304 functions

Function	Cyclo	Coverage
EBImoran.mc exp	21	0%
EBest exp	11	0%
EBlocal exp	20	0%
LOSH exp	5	0%
LOSH.cs exp	14	0%
LOSH.mc exp	27	0%

Datasets

Bundled datasets · 4

Name	Class	Rows × Cols	Also ships in
COL.OLD	data.frame	49 × 22	–
columbus	data.frame	49 × 22	in 4 packages
eire.coords.utm	data.frame	26 × 2	in 2 packages
eire.df	data.frame	26 × 9	in 2 packages

People & History

People (34)

Maintainer (1)

Roger Bivand

Maintainer, Author

Authors (1)

Roger Bivand

Maintainer, Author

Contributors (33)

Micah Altman

Contributor · added in 0.5-57

Luc Anselin

Contributor · added in 0.5-50

Renato Assunção

Contributor · added in 0.5-50

Anil Bera

Contributor · added in 1.3-3

Olaf Berke

Contributor · added in 0.5-50

F. Guillaume Blanchet

Contributor · added in 1.2-7

Marilia Carvalho

Contributor · added in 0.1-9

Bjarke Christensen

Contributor · added in 0.5-50

Show 25 more contributors

Yongwan Chun

Contributor · added in 0.5-50

Carsten Dormann

Contributor · added in 0.5-50

Stéphane Dray

Contributor · added in 0.5-50

Dewey Dunnington

Contributor · added in 1.2-5

Virgilio Gómez-Rubio

Contributor · added in 0.5-74

Malabika Koley

Contributor · added in 1.3-3

Tomasz Kossowski

Contributor · added in 1.3-6

Elias Krainski

Contributor · added in 0.5-50

Pierre Legendre

Contributor · added in 0.5-50

Nicholas Lewin-Koh

Contributor · added in 0.5-50

Angela Li

Contributor · added in 1.0-2

Giovanni Millo

Contributor · added in 0.5-50

Werner Mueller

Contributor · added in 0.5-50

Hisaji Ono

Contributor · added in 0.1-6

Josiah Parry

Contributor · added in 1.1-13

Pedro Peres-Neto

Contributor · added in 0.5-50

Michał Pietrzak

Contributor · added in 1.3-6

Gianfranco Piras

Contributor · added in 0.5-50

Markus Reder

Contributor · added in 0.5-50

Jeff Sauer

Contributor · added in 1.1-8

Michael Tiefelsdorf

Contributor

René Westerholt

Contributor · added in 0.7-7

Justyna Wilk

Contributor · added in 1.3-6

Levi Wolf

Contributor · added in 1.1-8

Danlin Yu

Contributor · added in 0.5-57

Listed in earlier versions (12)

with contributions by Nicholas Lewin-Koh

no longer listed · 0.1-2 to 0.1-10

and Hisaji Ono

no longer listed · 0.1-9 to 0.1-10

with contributions by Micah Altman

no longer listed · 0.5-50 to 2.15.3

Andrew Bernat

no longer listed · 0.5-50 to 1.1-13

Guillaume Blanchet

no longer listed · 0.5-50 to 1.2-5

Eric Blankmeyer

no longer listed · 0.5-50 to 1.1-13

Rein Halbersma

no longer listed · 0.5-50 to 1.1-13

Hongfei Li

no longer listed · 0.5-50 to 1.1-13

Package Timeline

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Package metadata

First published: 2002-03-20
Total releases: 189 / 24 yrs
License: GPL (>= 2) OSI
Minimum R: ≥ 3.3.0
Bundled data: 25 KB / 3 files
Download size: 4.5 MB
Installed size: not tracked yet
With dependencies: not tracked yet

Appears in task views

Analysis of Spatial Data